Sunday, December 29, 2019
Musuis Story - 1612 Words
Newsletter for October 6-10 Musui s Story is a samurai s autobiography that portrays the Tokugawa society as it was lived during Katsu Kokichi s life (1802 - 1850). Katsu Kokichi (or Musui) was a man born into a family with hereditary privilege of audience with the shogun, yet he lived a life unworthy of a samurai s way, running protection racket, cheating, stealing, and lying. Before we discuss how Musui s lifestyle was against the codes that regulated the behavior of the samurai, it is essential that the role of the samurai in Japanese society be understood. The Japanese society was divided into four classes: samurai, peasants, artisans, and merchants. The samurai was a class of warriors, emerged from Japan during the constant†¦show more content†¦At his arrival at Mishima, he claims being a retainer in the service of Harima-no-kami of Mito in order to intimidate the guards. According to the book, Mito was one of the three highest-ranking collateral houses of the tokugawa family. Musui will deliberately continue his transgressions during his adult years. He kept visiting the Yoshiwara repeatedly in many occasion, he traveled without permission, dealt with merchants, and became materialistic. At one occasion, he even shamelessly pulled a big farce (p. 135) of committing seppuku, which was considered as a sacred samurai ceremony, in order to get money from peasants. What is striking in all this is that he shows no indication of regret for his act, but instead describes the whole situation with pride. Definitely, during his entire life, Musui did not live a life worthy of a samurai ethical standards expected from all tokugawa samurai. He lied and stole. And throughout his autobiography, he describes his encounters with thieves, beggars, priests, merchants, gamblers, confidence men, as if he were taking proud of his actions, presenting himself as a hero, instead of a disloyal samurai. He displays in the text no sorrow, regret, nor repentance, but pride instead. The peaceful Tokugawa period presented problem to many samurai, and Musui s life is just one of the many examples of lives that those samurai lived. Samurai had no battles to fight. Many had low income or joblessShow MoreRelatedMusuis Story1289 Words  | 6 PagesMusuis Story The time after the fifteen hundreds marked a time of great change in Asian countries. Places like China saw a new dynasty take control of the country. And almost every Asian civilization from India to Indonesia came in contact with people from western nations which changed the way people did business and the way Asians viewed the world. Japan, however, seemed to keep separate from the rest of Asia in the way that they were hesitant to deal with westerners. Despite their separatenessRead MoreMusuis Story1634 Words  | 7 PagesMusui’s Story: A Transition From Isolation to Interaction The varying social interactions between status groups in Katsu Kokichi’s autobiography, Musui’s Story, convey a shift from the hierarchically strict Heian/Kamakura epochs to the more socially open late Tokugawa period. Throughout the work, Katsu illustrates his various dealings and communications with peasants, merchants, artisans and fellow samurai. While in theory a social hierarchy still presided, Musui’s Story dismisses the notion thatRead MoreKatsu Kokichi’S Autobiography, â€Å"Musui’S Story,†Documents1324 Words  | 6 PagesKatsu Kokichi’s autobiography, â€Å"Musui’s Story,†documents the life of a samurai in Japan’s late Tokugawa period who adopted the name Musui in his retirement. Katsu is something of a black sheep within his family, being largely uneducated and deemed unfit for the bureaucratic office s samurai of his standing were expected to hold. As such, he typifies in many ways the lower ronin, or masterless samurai, many of whom famously led roaming, directionless lives and wreaked havoc among the urban poorRead MoreIn Today’S World, Japan Is Up There As One Of The Most1324 Words  | 6 Pageslegendary Miyamoto Musashi and his predecessor, Itto Ittosai, who both boast undefeated records in combat throughout the entire course of their life. Those two samurai are what fit into Most people’s ideas of what a samurai is meant to be. However, Musui’s story provides us with an autobiography of a samurai, Katsu Kokichi, who does not at all fit in with all these generalizations associated with samurai. Our storyteller in fact ascends from quite a high ranked clan evident of their one hundred koku ofRead More Japans Post War Economic Journey Essay1856 Words  | 8 PagesNew York, NY: About Japan: A Teachers Resource. Retrieved from http://aboutjapan.japansociety.org/content.cfm/postwar_japan_1952-1989 Johnson, R. (2005). Six men who built the modern auto industry. Motorbooks. Katsu, K., Craig, T. (1991). Musuis story, the autobiography of a tokugawa samurai. Univ of Arizona Pr. Nakata, Y., Mosk, C. The demand for college education in post war japan. University of Alabama. Retrieved from http://www.cba.ua.edu/assets/docs/efl/WP_114.pdf Murata, S., Stern
Saturday, December 21, 2019
Canadian Literature in Grade 12 - 978 Words
Change is a critical part of life. It is evident all around us, especially in the things we learn. The knowledge available to us in the modern day is dynamic; it is constantly changing, developing, and providing new points of view. Science and mathematics curriculums in Ontario high school reflect the evolution of knowledge; they are edited and adjusted regularly to accommodate new material that should be presented to students. Shouldn’t other subject curriculums, specifically English, be just as dynamic? It often feels like English curriculums in Ontario high schools are static; the same books are studied by class after class, generation after generation. The time has come for change. Ontario students should be exposed to new literature, particularly Canadian literature. Students need this exposure to Canadian literature to become more familiar with the literature of their country; through literature, we are able to focus on our Canadian culture while being surrounded by othe r cultures, we promote new, younger authors, and we become aware of the mosaic that is Canadian culture. Exposing high school students in Ontario to more Canadian literature would allow them to develop a deeper appreciation for the Canadian culture, especially when they are surrounded by other cultural influences. Incorporating Canadian culture more extensively would create a learning environment where Canadian culture is studied in depth, allowing students to appreciate its variety and complexity.Show MoreRelatedGrade 12 Ontario Students Studying Canadian Literature(U1A6)662 Words  | 3 PagesGrade 12 Ontario Students Studying Canadian Literature This essay proves that graduating students in Ontario should only study literature in a Grade 12 English course. While good writers exist in all cultures, Ontario students should only study literature written by Canadian writers. This is because all Ontario students should become familiar with literature from our province. Three reasons for this are; the need to focus on our own Canadian culture and despite being surrounded by many other culturesRead MoreElementary Classroom : A Wide Variety Of Learning Needs993 Words  | 4 Pagesregularly leveled ninth grade classroom with a wide variety of learning needs. The class is comprised of 18 boys and 12 girls with 30 students total. The students generally enter freshman year around the age of fourteen or fifteen. The school is located in a rural area in Northern Illinois. About 74 percent of the students are white, although the school has become much more racially diverse in recent years. The Hispanic population is the largest minority population present at about 12 percent, followedRead MoreUniversity Undergraduate Admission Criteria Of China And Canada1948 Words  | 8 PagesUniversity Undergraduate Admission Criteria in China and Canada Abstract: In China, university undergraduate admission criteria are standardized which from NCEE. For Canadian universities, they do not have any standardized content in the undergraduate admission system. The purpose of the research is to investigate how differences influence students’ personality, attitude and academic performance. Also, figure out how could administrators set the admission system properly in order to meet students’Read MoreSocial Justice And International Law1511 Words  | 7 Pagesinternational law. I intend to utilize the knowledge gained in helping new immigrants in my adopted country, Canada, gain a foothold in the Canadian job market. In the Philippines, the country where I lived the first 23 years of my life, inequality, poverty and hunger are prevalent; Filipinos accept it as a fact of life. The first time it really disturbed me was when I was in grade school, a friend had to stop schooling to help his family s finances by working at a shoe factory. I grew up watching the gap betweenRead MoreThe Effect Of A Home Based Exercise Intervention On Postnatal Depression And Fatigue1650 Words  | 7 PagesRandomized Control Trial. This synopsis addresses the following items: purpose or objective, background, primary independent and dependent variables, main findings of the literature review, methods, statistical tests used and rationale for each, primary outcomes, results or findings, conclusions, and evidence rating using the SORT and GRADE evidence rating methods. Purpose, Objective(s)/Aim(s) Fatemeh Mohammadi, Jamileh Malakooti, Jalil Babapoor heiroddin, and Sakineh Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi, 2014Read MoreReview of Related Literature1643 Words  | 7 PagesReview of Related Literature The review of related literatures of this study is made here in the Philippines and in abroad. It is acquired from the internet and unpublished theses. It is nearly related on the relationship of computer game addiction to interpersonal relationship to adolescents especially, K-12 students. To enrich the background on the subject of the researcher, the literatures that were found are here in presented. A. Foreign Studies Based from the study of Mark Griffiths (2007)Read More Quest for Self-Identity in Margaret Atwood’s Surfacing and The Bell Jar, by Sylvia Plath2136 Words  | 9 Pageswriters challenge the respective forms of authority. The main concerns of the post-colonial criticism are the formation of canon, the phases through which imperialism and decolonization have gone, as well as how these processes are expressed in literature. What is more, the criticism is also concerned with the ways of resistance within literary pieces, such as rewritings of traditional concepts and creating voices that stand in opposition. All these issues become the matrix and concern of feministRead More Plagiarism in the 21st Century Essay1632 Words  | 7 Pagesfull potential. An increase in plagiarism has resulted in an increase in technological measures to detect it. Educating oneself about the new types of hardware and software that enter computer stores and the World Wide Web - through reading literature and attending workshops about technology – can help one identify piracy. Some Web sites discuss cyber-cheating, or list paper mill sites to help teachers become aware of the technology being used to plagiarize. To prevent electronic plagiarismRead MoreAccounting Thesis1180 Words  | 5 Pagesaccounting students only. It s main purpose is to identify the feedback of the accountancy students towards their course. And this study focuses on the current first-year students of the present school year, 2012-2013. Chapter II Review of Related Literature Accounting Baysa and Lupisan (2011) defined accounting as a service activity. They said that the main function of accounting practices is to provide quantitative information, primarily financial in nature, about economic entities that is intendedRead MoreThe Problem Of Prescription Drug Abuse1461 Words  | 6 Pagescan be believed that the first step to getting rid of prescription drug abuse would be to tighten the loophole when it comes to obtaining the medication. A source from the Canadian Journal of Psychiatry states that â€Å"Nationally, 5.9% of adolescents in grades 7 to 12 reported the use of prescription drugs to get high in the past 12 months in 2008/2009†(Curie and Wild 745-751). The question that people often need to ponder on is how are adolescents obtaining these drugs? Whether it be purchasing the
Friday, December 13, 2019
Global Strategy for Lenovo Free Essays
string(220) " learn the American consumer habits, lifestyle, and the legal situation of the values Americans have to understand that it acquired in association with the issue of integration after winning exposed to greater problems\." Global strategy for lenovo Content O      Abstract                                                 O      Introduction                                              O      Learning skills and globalization                            Step one: research learning. Step two: microcosmic learning                               Step three: trail learning                                      Step four: deepen and development learning                   Step five: reform enterprise DNA                               O      International employee and Lenovo next steps development   O      Supply chain                                            O      Global marketing and double operation mode               O      Global strategy and differentiation strategy                   O      Reform Lenovo business DNA for build new company culture and global development                                       O      Summary                                              O     Reference Table of Contents Abstract Now days, more and more companies are going global. In China Lenovo is a representative in that area. We will write a custom essay sample on Global Strategy for Lenovo or any similar topic only for you Order Now During I do the research about Global strategy I am very interested in the Lenovo group. It might be the earliest one gets the mind about globalization. At the beginning to run company they get them target is going global. In my paper I find some area for them strategy try to find a way to suit for this big company. I will take seven parts to written this paper. There are: Learning skills and globalization International employee and Lenovo next steps development Supply chain Global marketing and double operation mode Global strategy and differentiation strategy Reform Lenovo business DNA New company culture and global development This will be a system for a company should be taking on the global way. I want to explain ways to suitable Chinese company are going to global. Lenovo is a case to learn. Introduction Lenovo take a goal is international is come up very early. Lenovo has been raised from the factory opened in Hong Kong to buy IBM PC department. From list to open research and development base overseas. Lenovo is step by step towards international, to a multinational company. But deep in the blood of Lenovo company culture is a good thing or will become hinder development in the further is a point. Lenovo existing resources and the international strategy Lenovo take are good enough for the international journey. Through Lenovo history to find strategies Lenovo was taken Investigate Lenovo history is not difficult to find that Lenovo development seems get some relationship with China’s political. China’s international will be the Lenovo international. Lenovo is a national feeling of enterprises. 80’s ideas for the national association provide excellent development opportunities. Lenovo catch hold of people’s national feeling and do the right marketing as them general engineer Ni guangnan. Today, China’s international are also give Lenovo provides a strong support. From Lenovo development history is to view. Lenovo no mater what management mode, operating mode or technology mode have been in development. Each one changes is against every major change in the marketplace. But this time for Lenovo globalization them mark the change is not good enough. From the first to make the control of the plane to crash was indeed beyond imagination. Lenovo is from the confidence to headhunt from Dell. From Hong Kong to set up plants to in India and Mexico to establish research and development centers. Go to global is more real in the history of the Lenovo. Learning skills and globalization There are five steps enterprise should be take during them go to globalization. They are five different level learn enterprise will be taken. First three steps are get seedtime. For Lenovo, Last two steps are more impotent. If a company is not learning before they are going to international. It’s hard to successful. It’s like a student will be study in a new country but he or she can not know anything about that new country he or she is hard to enjoy his or her study. Step one: research learning. Step two: microcosmic learning Step three: trail learning Step four: deepen and development learning Step five: reform enterprise DNA Research learning Research learning is survey of the target country’s macroeconomic environment and learning it. Before Wal-Mart has been open any supermarket in China. There management must be get research for Chinese population, income and consumption levels, the per capita GDP of the economy and the Chinese government’s intervention in the situation of more then one investigation. This is one very important point to explain why War-Mart so successful. Similarly, Lenovo must be research the target country macro environment Such as politics, economy, population, technology and environment. Lenovo Group on July 26, 2007 in Beijing announced that it will invest 31 million US dollars in India and Mexico for a new manufacturing center, in order to meet these growing demands for computers. Before Lenovo group mark this decision they must be get research about India and Mexico. For example: In recent years the information technology industry in India stress on the bull market, is expected in 2008 India’s software industry output value of 87 billion US dollars, exports reached 50 billion US dollars, India’s software industry has become an important pillar for economic development. The information like that Lenovo group must be known before them marks this decision. Of course Lenovo group must research the government’s intervention in the situation of these two countries. Microcosmic learning The second phase of the study is aimed at relatively minor issues. The study focused on consumers and the local some unspoken rules. It contains the legal inside. If the analogy to the internationalization of a war, then only can we win the battles mutual understanding. However, the key factor in winning is not the master of public information. Master of public information is necessary, but not completely conditions. And this public information is that the internationalization of the war is that the macroeconomic environment analysis. So completely conditions are the local consumer habits, language, unspoken rules, logical thinking and values of the legal system and potential constraints which hidden in the surface. Those in the international war can be viewed as the enemy within the military. Lenovo is the same in acquisition of IBM’s PC division, Lenovo if learn the American consumer habits, lifestyle, and the legal situation of the values Americans have to understand that it acquired in association with the issue of integration after winning exposed to greater problems. You read "Global Strategy for Lenovo" in category "Papers" In fact, Lenovo’s acquisition of IBM’s PC department does have a big problem. The first is IBM and Lenovo two different cultural conflicts. This situation is inevitable, but before Lenovo buying IBM PC department if Lenovo’s management was learning the Americans these potential habits and the rules has so understood will be relatively less. You can imagine, if Lenovo Group and the United States in the negotiations of the use of the broken English is cooked then you can imagine people sitting in the two countries will have to work with how great the differences and contradictions. If Lenovo executives level are not study the United States culture and the unspoken rules before they buy IBM PC department so that the major acquisitions will be difficult to continue. TCL and France’s Thomson acquisition is between pictures of a negative example. Before TCL buy France’s company Thomson they are not conducted a detailed analysis and study for France’s legal system. In the end TCL encountered big issue in dealing of layoffs in the financing. French law on the protection of layoffs far exceed TCL budget. The outcome of the restructuring are not embarrassed. Trail learning The third step is learning phase of the second stage of in-depth. The first two stages of learning are to go abroad for the door before a preparatory work. The third phase is learning test water. In this regard Wal-Mart has done quite well. Wal-Mart entered China in 1996 after five years in China did not have open one more supermarket. Is Wal-Mart hasn’t enough money for more supermarket running in China? No, it’s not. It‘s Wal-Mart is doing the trail learning in China. In these five years, Wal-Mart needs further verification by the domestic market analysis and forecasts of expected adjustments and the development of strategic planning. Because of Wal-Mart’s goal is to open Wal-Mart stores in China each city, perhaps further with the development of an opening in every town. So one trail learning is necessary for Wal-Mart. Lenovo If you want to succeed at the international level, it is the first Wal-Mart to learn patience and ability to learn. Lenovo Group in the United States, Europe, India, Mexico and other countries of the target market has sufficient patience to learn. At this stage of learning is the creation and nurturing of talents localization of management. If you have done research shows that the McDonald’s and KFC Wal-Mart manager almost no Americans, the United States except shop. Wal-Mart in the five-year period not only learning to do business in China, to study the habits of the Chinese people and Chinese people to do things the way they want to also train them in conformity with the standards of the people and in accordance with the standards of the supply chain. So Lenovo in the United States and other targeted countries on the market to do less is to establish their base and develop their own localization of management talent. If Lenovo not build a team in the target country they are hard to quite join the local market. Localization is first step and most important step for the international. If Lenovo failed localization so it is difficult to achieve internationalization. Google appointed Kai-Fu Lee, vice president for global concurrently president of China is a good example. Google to open the Chinese market to compete and Baidu, he first has to do is a localization team. Deepen and development learning The fourth stage of learning is to deepen and expand the learning. Foreign brands to enter an unfamiliar market, and in fact created a new brand with a same place. That is, no one knows you; no one will take the initiative to buy. Therefore, a brand in a local market in order to survive it so successful marketing is essential. In this regard Lenovo marketing done on the more successful. Firstly Lenovo’s sport marketing was successful in global. You can say this point is Lenovo learning from Samsung’s successful experience. Lenovo’s sports marketing and event marketing performance to join the TOP program and Olympic soccer star Ronaldinho signed. These are reflected in the Lenovo in this regard made by the marketing efforts. It may Lenovo chairman Yang Yuanqing who is doing business on it. At this stage, enterprises in the target countries have started small-scale operations. It is a positive competition and competitor’s time. McDonald’s in China began opening large fast-food chain has been established at the time of its raw material supply base in China. Wal-Mart China’s rapid opening of the supermarket chain has been building his management team and rapid reaction supply chain. Theoretically Lenovo in the international market competitors began when awakened positive competition should also establish a strong management team and the localization response agile supply chain. But in fact it’s not Reform enterprise DNA The fifth phase of the study is recombinant DNA enterprises time. Its enterprises rooted target countries, to thoroughly international. This stage enterprises need to reconsider the definition and rectification. This time the companies have no points of the country. It is not only to do right for the shareholders of such a simple matter. Before Samsung go to global it just need get responsibility for them investor. Need money earnings. But now Samsung has not only South Korea’s Samsung. It needs of his enterprises in the world is responsible for the country. Need to integrate global resources and the right of consumers around the world responsible. They need to contribute to the community and they need to foster the image. Samsung done so it Samsung was successfully. Lenovo listing of the problems facing this series, the reasons for Liu to defeat summed up a word, is listed after the changes are not suited. Still in the management of a small company means a rationale management listed companies. Now Lenovo whether there is sufficient justification capacity management a multinational? Lenovo seems to be done in this regard also not perfect. The mail incident in the United States is worrying Lenovo in the United States do the preparatory work. DELL salesman wrote in the e-mail, buy Lenovo is a disguised form of support to the Chinese government. He hopes to use this speech to persuade Lenovo customers to DELL. This incident will be taken bad influence for Lenovo group in the international. It also reflects Lenovo wasn’t establishing an image suit for consumer mind about multinational companies. The big problem exists internal of Lenovo is management model. After Lenovo acquisition of IBM’s PC debasement emerging the contradictions in the management seem to be quite difficult. So Lenovo headhunt DELL CEO Departure to the CEO of Lenovo Group. Lenovo hopes he has come to a temporary solution to the conflict; tripartite management of the two sides will win unanimously. More or less the Lenovo Group also did not establish applicable to international management of the approach. It is also indicates that Lenovo determined to establish a new management system. International employee and Lenovo next steps development On November 9, 2004, Lenovo group President Liu Chuanzhi speaks frankly at the eighth session of CEO annual meeting, at present the company has encountered two big difficult problems in the internationalization advancement: Brand internationalization difficult and the internationalization talented person is deficient. He indicated obtains the success after the Chinese market, the company in order to seek the achievement the breakthrough, at present is moving towards the internationalization and the multiplication. However meets two major problems in the internationalization advancement: First is the brand internationalization process exceptionally is difficult, â€Å"before we the brand superiority which form in the Chinese market has vanished, must form the international well-known brand, must make the very big effort, and needs to have the massive funds†. Second is Lenovo need more high level international people to help them if company wants to successful in the international. He thinks this is very difficult for a local company. He expressed, â€Å"Although we have absorbed the colleague which many has the overseas service experience, but our backbone staff mainly is develops in the native place, raises, these years we unceasingly absorbed China to study to the overseas, to be some colleagues which the work came back, But requested to the internationalization talented person also to have the very great distance†The December of 2005, Dell senior vice- president concurrent Asia an the Pacific and Japan area president William . J . Arab League Mei Liao leaving Dell and join Lenovo group and take up the post of CEO. This is a change for Lenovo group about them always like use people who are group up inside of Lenovo. From Beijing, Hong Kong to Singapore, the Lou advantage (the American North Carolina state) with Paris, disperse in global each place associates in GAO Guanceng, most probably is the foreigner. In Lenovo has formed the internationalization first step is as employee’s localization understanding. In the present case, the Lenovo group faces the biggest difficult problem still is to the internationalization talented person’s demand. A company wants to be really international they must be having international employee first. Now, for Lenovo group the problem is they didn’t get enough international employees to do that work. Lenovo group build up them Research and development center any Headquarters in United States of America. In America Lenovo group feel very hard for looking for the suitable employees who understand Lenovo group culture. About this problem Lenovo get them own solution is improve them request for the new stuffs and change them officer language to English to suit for this problem. This also is the Lenovo speeds up the adoption internationalization advancement a demand. Lenovo must be know that Stealing Managers isn’t only way to get suitable employees way. Them must be build a good system to mark them own person with ability inside. Even Lenovo group founder to ask the reporter questions also said Lenovo like manger who are group inside. The main reason is Lenovo want to continue them company culture. Now, Lenovo group face the new position them must be get new employees who get more strong skills as learning new things and strong innovation skills. They must be get good team work skills. Supply chain In the supply chain, Lenovo Group of China there is a clear advantage. In 2000, Lenovo in domestic enterprises in the first successful implementation of the ERP, and then at that time the supply chain management under the leadership of the Department, took two years to complete the project SCM. At the same time, Lenovo started a supply chain management system. The logistics sector-lead VMI project created with the vendor Lenovo synergy values and customs, and re-planning of the procurement logistics network layout, with the supplier’s inventory visualization of collaborative management, real-time monitoring of inventory levels, according to Lenovo in the single-product production depositors from the original 14 days down to five days; CTO process optimization project improved the delivery of customized products, Lenovo was the rapid rise of direct technical support operations. After a series optimize of 2002-2004, Lenovo build in the Chinese market gold supply chain, the response speed and cost control has surpassed Dell, In China Lenovo’s cost just 1/4 about Dell. Lenovo’s response speed need only four days (Dell for a week). However, in overseas markets, Lenovo will have to face the original IBM’s huge losses and the slow response of the supply chain? Cost pressures become Lenovo the enormous obstacles in overseas markets. But merging two huge companies in the supply chain integration has existed enormous difficulties. Therefore, Lenovo overseas is still used by IBM’s original supply chain system. In China the use of the Lenovo deal set up before the supply chain system. So Lenovo CEO Amelio told the new Lenovo’s global supply chain systems to two point, to balance First, Second is to achieve the lowest cost. Analysis several PC companies which are having more fierce competition with Lenovo group in the international are not difficult to find a problem with Lenovo. That is they are all have more quickly supply chain then Lenovo group has. Dell’s suppliers are in the core of its computer production base in Xiamen next to factories, Lenovo is the need for a global procurement. Now Lenovo ‘s customers outside China’s orders need eight days to reach the point of production, while Dell only needs one hour. Data show that before the acquisition, Lenovo’s product inventory days are 22. 7 days, close to the global average PC inventory levels. After the acquisition, Lenovo supply chain costs of the total cost of around 6%, while Acquisition former only 1% more. In establishing agile supply chain there are still an unpredictable mistake, it is the assessment for the land and the combined effect. Which is more important for Lenovo’s development? It is Lenovo by purchasing land in Laikaluona states of the United States. North Carolina will provide cheap land, but it can not provide competitive provider community. North Carolina has two characteristics: first, agriculture, tobacco production up to 700 million pounds annually, in the states, out of one; Second, the states of the cotton industry as the crown to Charlotte for the center, around the many small textile industry cities. Lenovo group should do is build a supply chain more quickly then Dell spent more than 20 years established electronic group. Lenovo has to do is to better integrate its internal resources in order to establish agile supply chain. Now there is a big problem inside of Lenovo group is Lenovo’s inside market. An associate director complained, â€Å"We often encounter a back-end motherboards are out of the situation a few weeks, the various district customer manager get goods, Tun goods. †The reason, he believed that there are several aspects: 1. Upstream manufacturers Intel and AMD led the industry in price oscillations; Two internal Lenovo is a â€Å"business forecasts†mechanism under a quarter of inaccurate forecasts, after mutual-blame; The three components of global procurement work is poor; four Lenovo’s product line is the depth breakdown of demand led to parts of the complex. These reasons appear because Lenovo’s interior management system get big problem. Global marketing and double operation mode Global marketing is an important step for an enterprise going to internationalization. Marketing development process is including seven steps. They are Consumers analysis, market analysis, competitor surveys and the analysis of their own advantages, analysis of distribution channels, the formulation of a preliminary marketing programs, economic development and evaluation and revision before the six steps until the formation of a coordination program. Europe and the US market is a highly sophisticated market, consumers have more strong sense of themselves. They are in choosing products more sensibly. The issue of treatment for products problem are harsher. Some dissatisfaction will resort to the law. Consumers have the power to the more sober understanding. In the market, the saturation of the PC products is higher. Market share by several larger companies occupy. Dell, HP, Acer, is Lenovo strong competitor. Lenovo is more strangeness for the customer. More important is local customers are more strangeness for Lenovo. If they are in direct competition Lenovo only has a little chance of winning. Lenovo their advantages, can be more convenient to retain the original IBM’s biggest customers. As we all know, most of IBM’s customers are big customers, while them personal computers are few customers. Therefore the above address this specific Lenovo marketing information for them own tailored to a difference of an international marketing strategy. Specific performance is now vigorously promoting Lenovo dual business model. And find the Olympic torch in the overseas Chinese. Now chairman of Lenovo Group Lauded as the core competitiveness of the Lenovo – Lenovo’s business model is focused on the development of the host. The so-called Lenovo double- business model is the target customer classifications. They are covered two part. One is for Major clients. It’s including the government clients. Other is the PC customer. Lenovo group get two different systems to suit this two different groups. As every know this two different groups are look forward to different areas. They get different request for the computer. So as this way Lenovo group can separate the two different services to two different customers groups to ensure satisfaction of customers and will not pass. After Lenovo Group in Germany and some other places that the experiment is indeed feasible. But Lenovo group said this double business model is them core competitiveness seems too hasty. This model is too easy to copy. We can continue analogy to Lenovo marketing for a war. As for the war, the most important thing is not win, but fought victory after how appease. This like Lenovo group get strong marketing in international and them double business model are successful attract the customer. So that if Lenovo group can not cash in the same quality service as they are commitment for the customer is Lenovo group ruin upon themselves. The United States and the European market is a mature market. Consumers are rational consumers. If Lenovo rely on the strength of marketing get the original customer. But they are not lets original customer become loyal consumers. Lenovo is undoubtedly offending consumers. This is a bad news for any business. Such behavior like this is self-destructive brand image. Global strategy and differentiation strategy Undeniably, Lenovo was chosen different operations on the internationalization road. This is a wise move for Lenovo group. Lenovo develop target markets mainly in Europe and the United States, some of the more mature markets. Competitors are more powerful. Lenovo Group on large customers has specific Differential Marketing. Whether in the products or marketing, Lenovo in overseas markets, chose the differences strategy of their own as an international strategy. Japan’s Toyota Motor Corp. in this respect is the more successful. Today Lenovo faced situation is similar as several years ago Toyota faced. So in this side Lenovo group can learned from Toyota. A few years ago the American market is full of heavy car. The car like that are suit for American consumer buying psychology as a car. But Toyota’s unique success is the choice of a different strategy. Toyota and strong competitors are not for positive conflict. First of all competitors can relax vigilance. At least Toyota can reduce the trouble about legal before it development enough strong. Secondly use of the product differentiation gradually enters the mainstream market to be successful. When Toyota was get success in the United States mainstream market. Its competitors were hard to market out of there. Instead of the United States car market share declined much. Now, Lenovo Group which is the situation has attracted the attention of competitors. Lenovo has to be done is not in the local market has not yet possible before the firm and competitors have a positive conflict. As Lenovo’s deal with Dell and HP mail advertising time of the incident the same attitude. Lenovo should take the stable development as the first choice. The difference in the paralysis of the competitors is a more effective means. Competition in mind is not to put pressure on competitors. Reform Lenovo business DNA for build new company culture and global development Lenovo chairman Yang Yuanqing said for the high-speed flight refueling aircraft to the high-speed driving for car wheels. We can find how difficulty Lenovo group will be take for them reform business DNA. Commercial enterprises DNA of an enterprise is to determine the direction and life. Lenovo in the international community can also depend on the success of Lenovo’s commercial DNA. Enterprise is the concept of DNA from peter Ducker. Lenovo enterprises DNA is still insufficient to support the internationalization of Lenovo. An adapted to international enterprises DNA is not support as a success leader. It depends on the business system. This includes enterprises inside the decision-making power, organizational structure, information transmission and incentive mechanism. A healthy enterprises DNA can adapt to the market risk. If Lenovo group want be more successful in the international market it must be reform them business DNA. Chinese enterprises are in the initial most commercial DNA, their flexibility in the application of event-based decision-making, rapid capture business, the first to enter the market; low-priced beat each other, and the lack of those international enterprise systems, scientific, a long-term multi-dimensional space-based game decision-making. Therefore, we must want to understand the development gap at first. Evolutionary their business DNA, in the integration resources, improve the companies create value skills. Mark the decision as more point. From the history of the development of Lenovo is not difficult to see that. Now Lenovo is on the way which is going to internationalization. They must be facing different risks which are come from different regions and countries every day. If Lenovo can not upgrade their own enterprises commercial DNA, it will be difficult survive in the international competitive environment. Summery Lenovo group is going global is a way of Chinese business are going global. There are must be get five steps to learn. For a company which is want to going to global the most important thing is learning skills and reform the business DNA and build a new company culture to suite for new company. Remember that, you are an international company now. If you want to be more successful in the international market you must get the international business DNA. You must be a company and you are not only taking the responsibility for the share holds. Your company should be take responsibility for the customer who comes from all over the world and the people who are come from all over the world. Your company is not only a company. It is an international public machine which supplies service for all over the world. Reference Table of Contents LIANXIANGFENGYUN BY AS LIU ZHIJUN THE NEXT STEP BY AS JIGONG W SANDERSON MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES FOR 21TH CENTURY BY AS PETER DRUCKER FUNDAMENTALS OF INTEMATIONAL BUSINESS BY AS MICHAEL R. CZINKOTA, Ilkka A. Ronkainen and Michael H. Moffett http://business. sohu. com/20070122/n247764248. shtml How to cite Global Strategy for Lenovo, Papers
Thursday, December 5, 2019
Data Analytics and Visualisation System †Free Samples to Students
Question: Discuss about the Data Analytics and Visualisation System. Answer: Introduction The cost of medical malpractice in the US is very high and exceeds $ 50 billion. Due to this, there is a upward pressure on the health care costs coupled with a higher premium for insurance related to medical malpractice. One of the known health insurance provider in US is the UnitedHealth Group which aims for a better understanding of the claims raised on account of medical malpractice. In order to achieve this objective, claims data for 200 random claimants has been provided which comprises of information related to the claim amount, severity, gender, hiring of private attorney or not, age, marital status presence/absence of insurance coupled with speciality. The given report aims to present the findings of the statistical analysis of the data provided in wake of the specific questions that my manager Edmond Kendrick has raised in the email. Through the requisite statistical analysis, the report would aim to answer the queries raised in relation to the claims data. An overall summary of the claim payment amount has been indicated in Appendix 1. The average or mean claim payment amount has come out to be $ 73,457.49. Also, it is estimated that 50% of provided sample claim amount is lesser than or equal to $72,571.38. Further, the claim value of $ 5,400 seems to have the highest frequency in the sample data. The dispersion of the claim amount values in the sample data seem to be quite high considering that the lowest value of claim amount is $ 1,547 while the highest value of claim amount is $ 228,724. 80. Also, the standard deviation of the claim amount from the mean or average claim value stands at $ 32,178.50. Additionally, it is noticeable that the distribution of the claim amount is not symmetric considering the fact that there are certain claim amounts which are unusually large and hence considered outliers in the provided sample data. With a likelihood of 95%, it can be stated that the average age of the claimants for the population would lie between 42 years and 47 years. The requisite computation for the same is highlighted. With a likelihood of 95%, it can be stated that the mean proportion of claimants with No Insurance for the population would lie between 5.03% and 12.97%. The requisite computation for the same is highlighted. Based on the given claim sample data, it would be appropriate to conclude with 95% confidence that the average claim amount paid by the industry has dropped below $ 77,500. The requisite computation for the same is highlighted. Using the claim severity data presented, it can be stated with 95% likelihood that the study indicating that 75% of the patients fall either in MILD or MEDIUM severity condition continues to be valid for the current year as well. The computation for the same is illustrated. Considering the gender trends in the provided claims data concerning the severity of the claims, it can be inferred that there no significant difference in proportion of male and female patients in the category of "MILD or MEDIUM claims. The relevant computation for the same is illustrated. Also, the given sample data does suggest that the payment amount does tend to depend on the fact whether the claimant is represented by a private attorney or not. This is apparent from the fact that the average claim amount of claimants represented by private attorneys tends to be higher than the corresponding claim amount of claimants not represented by private attorneys. The relevant computation for the same is illustrated. The given data provided on claims does not lend support to the assertion that private attorneys tend to have higher representation for SEVERE claims as compared to MEDIUM claims. Hence, the statement is not valid. The relevant calculations to support the above conclusion are illustrated. The given claims data does not lend support to the assertion that SEVERE claims tend to be higher for Orthopedic surgeon in comparison to other specialists. Infact, the results derived in Appendix 4A tend to highlight that the difference between the SEVERE claims proportion for the two does not show any significant difference and hence can be assumed to be same. The given claims data does not lend support to the assertion that average claim amount for SEVERE claims tend to be higher for Orthopedic surgeon in comparison to other specialists. Infact, the results derived in Appendix 4B tend to highlight that the difference between the SEVERE claims average amount for the two does not show any significant difference and hence can be assumed to be same. Conclusion Based on the above analysis, useful conclusions can be drawn about the claims data. It may be concluded that the average age of the claimants tends to lie between 42 and 47 years. Also, most of these claimants tend to have insurance since only a very small proportion (about 5-12%) does not have insurance. The average claim amount has now dropped below $ 77,500. Further, it can also be concluded that 75% of the claims belong to the MILD or MEDIUM category and hence only 25% of the claims fall in the SEVERE category. Also, there are no gender specific differences between the proportions of MILD or MEDIUM category claims. Besides, it may be also concluded that the average claim amount tends to be higher when a private attorney represents the claimant. However, no significant difference is observed between the representation proportion of MEDIUM and SEVERE claims with regards to private attorney. Also, the assertions regards higher proportion and average claim amount for orthopaedic rela ted SEVERE claims in comparison with other specialists has been found incorrect as no evidence is present for the same.
Thursday, November 28, 2019
Reference Letter - Bank Officer free essay sample
30 September 2009 Katherine Tiong Vice President Manager, Human Resources Commonwealth Bank Dear Ms. Tiong: I am writing to you in support of Mr. Zhi Cong Yang and his desire to join your company. In his position as USYD Chinese Debating Club Team Leader from 2007 2008, Zhi Cong did an excellent job in his position and indeed was an valuable asset to our club. Hence, I highly recommend that he be given the opportunity to work in your group. Throughout the two-year co-operation with him in the Debating Club, it is undoubtedly that Zhi Cong is an outstanding individual with a strong character. He has the ability to produce impressive results in a wide variety of areas. During his position as a leader, Zhi Cong was responsible for training and supervising all the members and providing them debate skill seminar. In addition to his position, Zhi Cong is also one of our best debaters. We will write a custom essay sample on Reference Letter Bank Officer or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page With a very positive attitude, Zhi Cong had represented us in more than 5 tournaments in Australia and 2 international Chinese debate tournaments. During that time, with a perfect attendance record, he felt volunteering was an important leadership role, in which he learned debating techniques, leadership, club management and communication skills. His experience at Chinese Debating Club provided him with the aptitude that he needs for a future career. I believe Zhi Cong is destined to be a leader in Banking area, and therefore is an excellent candidate for your group. I highly recommend that you consider his application, as he will be a great asset to your company. If you would like further information, please feel free to contact me. Sincerely, Sam Yang Gong
Sunday, November 24, 2019
How has the War on Terrorism following the Essays
How has the War on Terrorism following the Essays How has the War on Terrorism following the Essay How has the War on Terrorism following the Essay How has the War on Terrorism following the 9/11 onslaughts on the World Trade Centre and the resulting Iraq War effected British Muslims? Contentss Page Abstraction The Nature of the War on Panic and the Social Position of British Moslems: p3 Direct effects on the British Muslim Community portion 1: p4 The Reaction of Civil Society Direct effects on the British Muslim Community portion 2: p6 The Reaction of the British State Islamophobia in the Media and Perceptions of Muslims: p9 Social Exclusion, Resistance and individuality: p11 Bibliography: p16 Search Scheme: p18 Abstraction The war on panic was so a watershed in international dealingss and planetary political relations. It highlighted the exposure of the universes staying world power and a justification for a new imperialist re-ordering of planetary political relations under American hegemony. When the â€Å"war on terror†was announced the Bush disposal claimed that it would hold to widen throughout the universe and go on decennaries and even coevalss ( Hardt and Negri, p14, 2004 ) . In consequence, the war on panic has given rise to a new cold war state of affairs making a new enemy for the West, viz. Islam and the Muslim World. Much like communism and the Soviet Union ; Islamic fundamentalism and the civilization of the Muslim World has come to the head and is invariably presented by politicians and the media as being a massive entity incompatible with Western secular broad democracy and so a menace to the latter hence Huntington’s â€Å"Clash of Civilisations†which negotiations of the rise of â€Å"Islamism†and â€Å"the continuing and profoundly conflictual relation between Islam and Christianity†( p208, 1997 ) and how the struggle between the civilizations of Islam and the West â€Å"will continue to specify their dealingss in the hereafter as it has defined them for the past 14 centuries†, ( p212, 1997 ) . Huntington has stated that the job for the West is non Muslim fundamentalism but instead Islam itself, â€Å"a different civilization whose people are convinced of the high quality of their civilization and are obsessed with the lower status of their power†( p9, Runnymede Trust, 1997 ) . It is clear that the stupid and oozing generalizations of Samuel Huntington are widely accepted amongst in-between category, rational and academic circles throughout the West, one has to inquire the inquiry as to how such people can be considered faculty members. Such positions imply the demand for Muslims to somehow transform themselves into something more acceptable, a â€Å"liberal†or â€Å"modernist†Islam, an Islam which is compatible with democracy. This is the kernel of cultural imperialism and the political and cultural hegemony of the West therefore it is of import to understand this context when analyzing September 11Thursdayand the state of affairs of Muslim communities as clearly the latter is capable the planetary power dealingss of American and Western Hegemony. This creates a hard state of affairs for Muslim minorities populating in the West who are now being viewed with intuition and somehow being allied to the political relations of Al Qaeda and the 9/11 onslaughts. For British Muslims, the war on panic has created a new racialist state of affairs for Muslims and moreover has exacerbated Islamophobia. I shall be discoursing this new oppressive state of affairs for British Moslems by foremost analyzing the nature of the war on panic and so the rise of racism and Islamophobia and besides media perceptual experience and its effects on Moslems with respects to exclusion and individuality by turn toing the ways in which Muslims have challenged this state of affairs politically through new societal motions particularly after the invasion of Iraq. Overall the relationship between Muslim communities and the British province is paramount to this essay. The Nature of the War on Terror and the Social Position of British Muslims Noam Chomsky has claimed that 9-11 led to a 2nd â€Å"war on terror†( p193, 2004 ) , for Chomsky there is non needfully anything new in the war on terrorist act, in fact the first and so original war on terrorist act was declared 20 old ages ago under the Reagan disposal against states such as Nicaragua, Grenada, Lebanon, Libya and Iran. The present state of affairs is simply a continuance of this attack to planetary political relations therefore the provinces of Iraq, Afghanistan and North Korea have made it to the Axis of immorality, when antecedently the likes of Sadaam Hussein and the Afghan Mujahideen were US Alliess against Iran and communism. Although Chomsky’s analysis is feasible it is of import to cognize that there is a difference with our present state of affairs and that it is non merely a continuance of the policies of the Reagan disposal ; viz. the so called being of a multinational enemy, viz. Al Qaeda and a specific focal point on Islam, the Middle Eas t and Muslim states as the marks of non merely military and political onslaught but besides cultural and rational. Meanwhile at place in Britain, a British Muslim has to invariably watch the unfolding events through the media in Afghanistan, Iraq and the resulting arguments about Islam, Muslims, secularism and integrating. What consequence does this hold on the Muslim mind and outlook? How has the War on Terror affected Muslims as a minority life in Britain? It is clear that in many contexts across the state today, when a Muslim with a face fungus or hijab ( headscarf ) walks into a public topographic point such as the London Underground the so called â€Å"host†community may experience a specific sort of ill will or fright of that single due to the new political state of affairs we are populating under and the stereotypes it creates. Edward Said maintains that â€Å"modern Hesperian reactions to Islam have been dominated by a radically simplified type of believing that may still be called orientalist†( p4 1981 ) the latter being the manner the West perceived the â€Å"orientâ₠¬ throughout the 17Thursday, 18Thursdayand 19Thursdaycenturies giving it â€Å"a particular topographic point in the Western European experience†viz. that of lower status ( p1, 1991 ) . It is true that such ways of thought can non be separated from the historical imperialist enlargements throughout the Muslim World. As a consequence British Muslims will instantly hold a stigma on them, therefore when a terrorist onslaught is committed the latter would be associated with Islam. It is interesting to see that bondage in Africa, colonialism, the atomic bomb in Hiroshima or the US bombardment of Indo-China in the sixtiess and 1970s is non attributed to Western civilization or Christianity. On the contrary, the old colonial orientalist ways of believing remain rampant and it is in this context that we must understand the effects the war on panic on British Muslims particularly when we analyse race dealingss, the reaction of the New Labour authorities to the war on panic and changeless media demonization of Muslims. Moslems are presented as being monolithically reactionist, conservative, patriarchal and homophobic even though these inclinations are cosmopolitan. Muslim Asiatic adult females in the media for illustration are invariably portrayed as being veiled, subservient, inactive and helpless against a so called oppressive Islamic civilization ( Khan, p3, 1999 ) . Colonialism has ever been justified on moral evidences ; one can see that clearly with the war in Iraq. However of all time since British regulation in India, there has existed the demand to make an image of the colonised as being from a civilization â€Å"in disarray†frequently this focused on â€Å"women who urgently needed rescuing by white Godheads and ladies†( Khan, p6, 1999 ) . This was a dominant ideological justification for the invasion of Afghanistan. The War on Terror has hence become a pure battle for freedom, democracy and autonomy yet from the point of position of British Muslims is the complete antonym due to its direct effects viz. increases in hatred offense, racial torment, favoritism, media stereotypes, anti-terrorist statute law and its disproportionate usage against Muslims, the Gallic hijab prohibition and of class Guantanomo Bay. Alongside the bombs that have rained down on Afghanis, Iraqis and menaces against Syria and Iran it is no admiration that Muslims in Britain feel under besieging and that the war on panic is a war against Islam. Direct effects on the British Muslim Community portion 1: The Reaction of Civil Society It is true that when we talk about the British Muslim community we are mentioning to a preponderantly migratory community. Many of the first modern-day Muslim immigrants arrived in Britain during the sixtiess and 1970s from Pakistan, India and Bangladesh. In 1961 the Muslim population was 82,000 but by 1971 it was 369,000 ( p14, Runnymede Trust, 1997 ) , many of the immigrants from Pakistan came from the Mirpur territory of Azad Kashmir due to the building of the Mangla Dam which displaced big Numberss of people who were so compensated and used the money to migrate to the UK ( Anwar, p23, 1979 ) . Many of the first immigrants from the Carribean and South Asia experienced both racial favoritism, racial force, ill will from the media and established politicians as seen with Enoch Powell’ s celebrated â€Å"rivers of blood†address in 1968. Racial onslaughts besides became common throughout the 1980s and 1990s, in 1993 the BNP won its first of all time triumph in a local c ouncil election in Millwall, Tower Hamlets and in that same twelvemonth at that place were130,000 racially motivated reported condemnable incidents non including the non-reported instances ( Anwar, p11-14, 1998 ) . It is of import to understand that any post-9/11 anti-Muslim racism is simply a continuance of an already bing system and civilization of white Anglo-Saxon domination and xenophobia. Nevertheless racism, like a chameleon alterations in conformity to its societal context therefore Islamophobia after 9/11 does intend that racism has a specific focal point on the Muslim community. Frequently, South Asiatic migrators were distinguished by the province by skin coloring material, therefore the linguistic communication of anti-racist rhetoric frequently referred to both South Asians and Afro Caribbean as â€Å"Black†, however although Afro-Caribbean’s may be comfy with this world South Asians prefer to specify themselves in other ways, viz. through faith ( Pilkington, p37, 2003 ) . This is particularly true now of many Pakistanis and Bangladeshis be they foremost, 2nd or 3rd coevals. Nevertheless British Moslems are a diverse community including non merely South Asians but besides other migratory communities such as Somalians, Turks, Arabs, North Africans and converts. Tariq Modood has pointed out how racism in Britain in the wake of the Holocaust has moved from 19Thursdaycentury theories of biologically inferior and superior races to a racism based on civilization. Indeed cultural racism therefore focuses more on â€Å"cultural differences from an alleged Brits or ‘civilised’ norm to revile, marginalise or demand cultural assimilation from groups who besides suffer from biological racism†( Modood, p154-55, 1997 ) . Modood has besides rather right asserted that Islamophobia â€Å"is at the bosom of modern-day British and European cultural racism†( p163, 1997 ) , and so the war on terrorist act with its linguistic communication, political orientation, arguments and the political ambiance it has created which question the compatibility of Muslims with a sensed impression of Britihsness and the British manner of life. I believe that today, Muslims in Britain and so Europe are confronting a really similar state of affairs to the Jews of Western Europe in the 19Thursdayand early 20Thursdaycenturies. There have been two dramatic effects of the War on Terror on the British Muslim community. The first is the reaction of what I shall term British civil society to Muslims affecting favoritism, racial torment and force against those of Muslim visual aspect. The 2nd is the reaction of the British province and preponderantly I am mentioning to anti-terrorist statute law such as the Anti-Terrorism Act 2000 and the Anti-Terrorism, Crime A ; Security Act 2001 ( ATCSA ) which has been a really unjust and oppressive governmental response to the tenet of the War on Terror. I shall be discoursing the inside informations of each of these structural effects on the British Muslim community with mention to single instances so as to foreground how post 9/11 anti-Muslim racism is both institutionalized and single. Islamophobia is the â€Å"unfounded ill will towards Islam†and Muslims, so Islamophobic inclinations can be dated as far back as the 11Thursdaycentury and the campaigns ( p4-5, Runnymede Trust, 1997 ) , in fact today it is common for the media to hold the words â€Å"Islam†, â€Å"Muslim†and â€Å"terrorist†lumped together but it is unusual to see that the IRA or the Ugandan Lords Resistance Army are neer viewed as â€Å"Christian terrorists†. In fact association of immorality and Satan with Islam was common throughout the 11Thursdayand 12 centuries ( Q News, p22, Jan 2004 ) The 1997 Runnymede Commission on British Muslims and Islamophobia was hence of import in exposing the rise of a new racism which presents Islam as being massive, different, inferior from Western civilization and finally the enemy. The War on panic and so the political relations station 9/11 has created a state of affairs where many British Muslims particularly adult females have suffered â€Å"heightened favoritism and abuse†affecting verbal maltreatment in the street and Muslim adult females holding their hijabs forcefully removed. In fact many British Sikhs besides suffered racial force and maltreatment for being mistaken as Muslims ( Richardson, p23, 2004 ) . Therefore it is clear that Islamophobia can consequence all cultural minority groups for illustration â€Å"a black individual or Hindu may be attacked or abused on the street because Britain is in difference with a state which happens to be Muslim†besides a Muslim may be attacked because of their colored visual aspect ( p41, Runnymede Trust, 1997 ) , whilst a white convert Muslim may be targeted because of his of hers spiritual visual aspect. A community militant from Newham Monitoring Project, an anti-racist administration based in Ne wham East London explained to me that after 9/11 â€Å"it was duck runing season on Muslims†, the work at NMP involves covering with racial torment with a 24 hr exigency service line for victims of racism ( NMP Annual Report, 2003-4 ) , post 9/11 there were infinite instances of racial torment and force against Muslims in the East London country. Administrations such as Newham Monitoring Project and the Islamic Human Rights Commission which trade with racial torment and human rights instances noticed an addition in racial force and torment against Muslim persons, belongings and topographic points of worship. The War on Terror has besides greatly benefited the British Nationalist Party and its leader Nick Griffen which has won assorted local council elections in the North of England where the public violences, in fact Nick Griffen has gained plenty assurance to dispute Labour MP Anne Cryer in her Dagenham and Keighley Seat ( Tania Branigan, The Guardian, April 20Thursday, 2005 ) . It is of import to foreground that the BNP has focused its run against Muslims utilizing acceptable Islamophobic discourse which is widely accepted by mainstream society. The BNP has in fact changed its more open racism and so Nazi inspired biological racism in the 1980s, concentrating more on cultural racism and therefore Islamophobia which is made more legitimate by the War on Terror and besides by the fact that many Labour MP’s and politicians such as Robert Kilroy Silk and so broad authors have made racialist remarks on Muslims every bit good as generalizations about Islam. The docudramaThe Secret Age nt, broadcast 15ThursdayJuly 2004 exposed the BNP’s blazing anti-Muslim stance. Nick Griffen appeared on an interview on Newsnight explicating how his positions on Islam and Muslims are widely accepted by well-thought-of journalists such as Richard Little John ofThe Sunand Polly Toynbee who writes forThe Guardian. The BNP has hence leafleted Afro Carribean, Hindu and Sikh communities every bit good as in-between category and working category White communities about the immoralities of Islam and how Muslims are taking over Britain. The BNP’s racialist generalizations of Islam involve non merely showing it as being monolithically rearward, a menace to democracy and women’s rights but besides make highly remarks such as how Islam’s main method of spreading was through colza and how the Prophet Muhammed was a moonstruck and a pedophile ( â€Å"The Secret Agent†, July, 2004 ) . The BNP has besides been involved in distributing myths about Muslim and As ylum Seeker communities in the North of England, for illustration claiming for illustration in the Burnley constituency that Muslims are exempt from paying council revenue enhancement if they can show they used a supplication mat for worship in their places, ( Miah, Q News, p9, Nov 2003 ) . Indeed such myths simply exacerbate bias, engendering hatred and division. For hapless white working category communities in the North of England it produces person to fault for their jobs, viz. the every bit hapless South Asian Muslim communities. The War on Terror has hence legitimised racism against Muslims and so in the context of the North of England the BNP has used on in the wake of the â€Å"race riots†in the North of England in the summer of 2001 and the labored race dealingss between South Asian Muslims and White people to smother racial tensenesss. The riots themselves were exacerbated by onslaughts on members of the Muslims community in Bradford, Burnley and Oldham by far right fascists. Islamophobic discourse station 9/11 has merely benefited the BNP making more racial tenseness and a state of affairs of societal exclusion and marginalization for the Muslim community in the North of England. BNP electoral triumphs simply add to the exposure of the Muslim community and one could state that Tony Blair and George Bush has been the best thing to of all time go on for the British far right. Direct effects on the British Muslim Community portion 2: The Reaction of the British State It is no surprise that station 9/11 the British province has followed the American illustration with respects to security step. Unfortunately this has simply led to the racial profiling of Muslims and those of Muslim visual aspect as terrorist suspect. The Labour Minister responsible for antagonistic terrorist act Hazel Blears late stated that Muslims will be stopped and searched more frequently so the remainder of the populace, claiming that â€Å"there is no acquiring off from it†and how terrorists were concealing behind Islam ( Vikram Dodd and Alan Travis, â€Å"Muslims face increased halt and search†, The Guardian, 2neodymiumMarch, 2005 ) . Massoud Shahjareh of the Islamic Human Rights Commission reacted by stating that Blears was demonising and estranging our community. It is a legitimisation for a recoil and for racialists to hold an onslaught on our community and so as already discussed this can be seen with the BNP’s run scheme as the political state of affairs creates a justification for their open anti-Muslim campaign, it is merely in recent old ages that the BNP has been able to elect up to 20 local council members across the country.. In pattern The Anti-Terrorism, Crime A ; Security Act 2001 ( ATCSA ) ; passed in the wake of September 11Thursday, has led to the detainment of 16 foreign subjects without test, moreover 30,000 places have been raided, 700 people arrested of which merely a mere 3 people have been charged ( stoppoliticalterror.com ) . Stop and hunt of Asians has increased therefore it is clear that the Muslim community, refugees and refuge searchers have become blazing marks of station 9/11 anti-terrorist statute law. One such victim was Barbar Ahmed, a alumnus with an MA who worked at Imperial College, London in Information engineering Support. He was arrested by armed constabularies officers in December 2003 that broke into his house in the early hours of the forenoon, he was beaten unconscious by the constabulary, dragged, had his private parts searched and forced into a Muslim supplication place of which the officers so mocked him by stating â€Å"where is your God now? †( freebabrahmad.com ) . Barbar Ahmad received over 50 hurts some really serious including a fractured skull, bruised kidneys and blood was besides found in his ears and piss. He was so interrogated for 6 yearss and had his place searched and was so released on 8ThursdayDecember without charge due to miss of grounds to imply him for the terrorist act charges. Barbar Ahmad was re-arrested on 5ThursdayAugust 2004 on an extradition warrant from the US, foregrounding how British Moslems can easy be the mark of the US legal system thereby overthrowing the national sovereignty of the British legal system. If we take the Babar Ahmed instance as an illustration, it is clear that after his apprehension and terrible whipping by the constabulary in December 2003 and his recent re-arrest under and extradition warrant from the US, a just test has neer one time been granted and moreover the accusals made against him involve an alleged panic secret plan on the Empire State edifice in New York, however the grounds for this allegation is based on a 30 twelvemonth old travel booklet that was found in Babar Ahmed’s father’s house when it was raided by constabulary ( freebarbarahmad.com ) . The political relations of the War on Terror has hence meant a corruption of democracy and in peculiar an absence of democracy for Muslims in Britain be they British citizens or non. The Guardian late published an article saying that â€Å"Of the 701 people arrested under the Terrorism Act since the September 11 onslaughts, half have been released without charge and merely 17 convicted under the a ct. Merely three of those instances relate to allegations of Islamist extremism. The other strong beliefs involved Irish paramilitaries both republican and loyalist a Sikh extremist group and the Tamil Tigers†and that senior anti-terrorist functionaries have besides admitted that the terrorist menace was exaggerated ( April 23rd, 2005 ) . Another illustration is the Algerian Raddah Kadre who is held in Belmarsh on extradition to France with charges of holding association with terrorists. Nevertheless Kadre has merely been convicted with keeping a bogus passport and non terrorist act. Furthermore the celebrated Ricin panic secret plan collapsed in tribunal when 8 of the 9 were acquitted due to miss of implying. In add-on the instance of Kamel Bourgass who murdered a Police officer in Manchester was convicted of slaying and cabaling the cause a public nuisance grounds which had nil to make with terrorist act, besides Bourgass’s 4 codefendants were acquitted and cleared of those charges. Nevertheless the media continues the panic narratives, with changeless articles about shoe bombers, ricin and cyanide chemical onslaughts on the resistance and coverage for assorted fundamentalist sermonizers such as Shiekh Abu Hamza and Sheikh Omar Bakri Muhammed. This has simply contributed to the farther marginalization and societal exclusion of British Muslims. It is in this facet of the War on Terror that one can see clearly how the authorities and media work manus in manus in the demonization of the Muslim community and making increasing fright of an enemy within and therefore supplying a justification for the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. With respects to societal exclusion, it is of import to now analyze the effects the War on Terror and the ambiance it has created has on the media and its effects British Muslims. Islamophobia in the Media and Perceptions of Muslims Herman and Chomsky have stated that the media â€Å"often supplemented by official censoring, makes it clear that the media serve the terminals of a dominant elite†sing that the province bureaucratism dominates â€Å"the levers of power†( Herman and Chomsky, p1, 1988 ) . Much of the media are integrated into the market, moreover media houses are dominated by â€Å"very affluent people†who are constrained by â€Å"owners and other market net income orientated forces i.e. major corporations, Bankss and authoritiess and so this can be seen for illustration in the manner a corporation such as Mobil Oil can buy newspaper infinite to acquire its point of view across ( p14-15, 1988 ) . Richardson highlights how newspapers under capitalist economy are run much like a concern, therefore the newspaper is a merchandise to be sold â€Å"and making so in the most profitable mode possible†with the purpose to seek high â€Å"audience penetration†making †Å"stories that are diverting, enjoyable and engaging†. With respects to British circular documents the latter is aimed at â€Å"powerful center and upper classes†( p35, 2004 ) With this in head and so the deficiency of cultural minorities working for newspapers it is clear that the media follows a â€Å"propaganda model†and fails to be nonsubjective and in fact marginalises the voices of cultural minorities which are over-represented in the poorer and â€Å"disempowered subdivisions of British society ( p36, 2004 ) . The media is hence the most powerful tool in implementing negative stereotypes of Muslims and so since 9/11 the invariable televised coverage of terrorist act and instantly associates violence entirely with Islam. Indeed the media has ever had a colonial and orientalist repute, however negative linguistic communication of Muslims creates an sole sense of â€Å"otherness†amongst the British populace. The media frequently promotes an â€Å"us and them†political orientation, with changeless mentions to Islam and Muslims being separate from the West, which in itself is a blemished analysis of the universe foremost in the manner it creates division and does nil for the involvements of peace and secondly it shows complete ignorance for the fact that there are 1000000s of Muslims populating throughout Western Europe and America. A recent article in the Evening Standard entitledcivilization clangnoticing on the recent menaces by a little group of Muslims made against the poli tician George Galloway ; stated in true Huntington manner the clang between a broad society and its Muslim minorities, foregrounding how Moslems are in demand of a â€Å"great societal transformation†and that a civilization that holds that adult females â€Å"have fewer rights than others, so liberalism has to face that culture†( John O Sullivan, Evening Standard, 22neodymiumApril, 2005 ) . In an article in The Sunday Times magazine about Muslim minorities in Holland, the forepart screen was entitled â€Å"a continent in convulsion†saying that â€Å"Muslims will shortly outnumber Christians in some Dutch metropoliss, Liberal Holland is raising roadblocks. Should we? †The article used negative linguistic communication such as â€Å"Islamic immigration†and implied the demand for Western European societies to move against this menace ( Moynahan, Sunday Times Magazine, Feb 27Thursday2005 ) . Islam hence becomes entirely inhibitory, autocratic and patriarchal towards adult females and a violent militaristic menace to the West which is entirely democratic, free, broad and non-violent, hence making negative perceptual experiences of Muslims. In fact Western society nowadayss itself as the Jesus of Muslim adult females, proposing the demand for Muslims to alter in conformity to Western secular civilization. This can be really patronizing to British Muslim adult females, of which many from the 2nd and 3rd coevalss wear hijab out of pick. Sitara Khan sites an illustration of a BBC 4 programme about honour violent deaths and whether it is â€Å"Islamic†or non. She highlights how on the same twenty-four hours there was coverage of kid sex maltreatment instances within the Roman Catholic churches in Ireland â€Å"but no commission of experts on Christianity was summoned to determine the legitimacy or otherwise of this type of evildoing harmonizing to Biblical sources†. Despite the diverse experiences and backgrounds of Muslim adult females â€Å"she continues to be viewed by the establishments in Britain as a victim of a backward and barbarian civilization whose redemption lies in the custodies of the white ma n†( Khan, p108-10 1999 ) . Prior to 9/11 the hijab and Islamic frock was non truly viewed with such aggressive intuition whereas today it is a living symbol of the Islamic menace to Western modernness. Unfortunately station 9/11 circular columns frequently help develop in-between category and upper category perceptual experiences of Muslims, of which Polly Toynbee is celebrated. In The Independent article in February 1996 she commented on province support of Muslim schools claiming that the province will be â€Å"educating kids to believe adult females are of inferior status†. But one has to inquire how many Muslim adult females do white journalists and womens rightists such as Toynbee, consult when composing their articles? Today it is clear that there are many extremely educated Muslim adult females and that â€Å"in some Muslim communities the proportion of university educated adult females is significantly higher than the national average†( Alibhai Brown, p15, 2000 ) . Post 9/11 Toynbee continues her to do wild statements of how â€Å"Muslims are the best America haters around†and that â€Å"moderate†Muslims are making nil to root out extremists ( The Guardian, August 18Thursday, 2004 ) . In 1997 Toynbee wrote an article entitled â€Å"In defense mechanism of Islamophobia†saying that â€Å"I am an Islamophobe, I judge Islam non by its words†but its actions ( Richardson, p128, 2004 ) . One could state the same about Christianity and Western society however the War on Terror has made anti-Muslim racism universal in the sense that a BNP leader and a broad can spurt the same rhetoric making a unsafe state of affairs for British Muslims as minorities. A recent Channel 4 docudrama entitled â€Å"Are Muslims Hated? †stated that Islamophobia is an hyperbole and how it is being used to forestall broad unfavorable judgments of Islam. Unfortunately such statements after 9/11 show ignorance for the colonial power dealingss that Muslim states and minorities are subjected to and a 1993 Liberal Democrat statement doing clear that in a democracy freedom of address has bounds and is constrained by the other â€Å"fundamental democratic values†such as the publicity of equality so as to deter group bias ( Runnymede Trust, p25, 1997 ) . Furthermore a bar of unfavorable judgment of Islam is non truly the job as clearly cardinal to the linguistic communication of the War on Terror has been the changeless unfavorable judgment of Islam. The job is an unequal unfavorable judgment of the universe, Islam and the West are non equal entities, the latter clearly implements, political, economic and cultural high quality over the former whic h is presented to the universe as being inferior. The deficiency of societal and political equality in the universe therefore demands to reform if Moslems are to experience less the marks of Western onslaughts be they verbal, physical or militaristic. Unfortunately as the War on Terror continues into its 5th twelvemonth this seems extremely improbable. The separation therefore is made between being British and being Muslim ( Richardson, p118, 2004 ) and in my position such media coverage is frequently indirectly responsible for racial torment. When a Muslim reads the newspaper, she is forced about into an excusatory place, that somehow she is a cause of society’s ailments. A Muslim is either a â€Å"fundamentalist†or a â€Å"modernist†, neer merely a Muslim as so the latter two labels mean nil to a Muslims mundane life in Britain. This shows clearly how both the province and media work together in making an ambiance of fright and racism which gives support to the extremists of the far right BNP. Social Exclusion, Resistance and individuality It is of import to analyze the effects the war on panic has in making societal exclusion for Muslims and furthermore the effects on individuality. Amongst Muslim communities, societal want and unemployment is prevailing within many Pakistani and Bangladeshi communities which are besides among the lowest income families in Britain ( Richardson, p29, 2004, Pilkington, p96-98, 2003 ) . Many Moslems are besides overrepresented among school students aged 16 with the poorest makings and many Muslim alumnuss have worse occupations so people of Indian and Chinese backgrounds ( p29-30, 2004 ) . Alongside the media demonization, racial torment and province repression the War on panic does non assist in bettering the societal state of affairs of Muslims. If anything it increases the chances of favoritism and equal entrees to occupation chances due to stereotypes. Khalida Khan a community militant for the Muslim women’s administration An Nisa has in Q News stated that feelings of disillus ion, disenfranchisement and the injury of racism has led to a â€Å"growth of desperation, defeat and extremism†( Nov 2003 ) in reaction to a feeling of cultural lower status. Although there is some truth in Khans statement I believe that there is a inclination as faculty members to pigeonhole Muslim young person, it is hence of import to understand the diverse experiences of the community and how Muslim individuality reacts to this state of affairs. From the information I have gathered it is clear that integrating and Islam has become a dominant discourse amongst the media, academic circles, the authorities and the populace in general. The War on Terror has had some a portion to play with respects to making negative perceptual experiences but at the same clip has really helped make a new state of affairs for Muslims. A particular study on immature Muslims in the Guardian involved journalists discoursing the issues of the twenty-four hours with immature educated and professional Muslims. Many of them expressed their concerns over the issues such as anti-terrorist statute law, Islamophobia and the war in Iraq but claimed that the sarcasm of the War on Terror is that it has helped farther the â€Å"integration of Muslims†therefore Muslims have been given the â€Å"opportunity to startle the community and do their voices heard†( November 30Thursday, 2004 ) . This can be seen in the many protest motions that have emer ged for illustration in reaction to the war, where many Muslims participated in the anti-war protests. One such adult female was Salma Yaqoob, a Muslim adult female from Birmingham and clinical psychologist who was spat on by a member of the populace after 9/11 for have oning the hijab. Now she is standing as a campaigner for the Respect party in Birmingham, going the first hijabi adult female to make so. This is an illustration of how the War on Terror has politicised Moslems who antecedently had nil to make with political relations. Many Muslims may besides be voting against the Labour Party which historically received Muslim support. In the Tower Hamlets constituency Muslims have the opportunity to take the pro-war Labour MP campaigner and ballot in George Galloway of the Respect Party, in fact Galloway seems to be trusting on Muslim support therefore the War on Terror in some contexts has allowed Muslims to be in a powerful place in taking societal motions ( respectcoalition.org ) . Many other runs have emerged in reaction to detention of Muslims without test in Britain and Guantanomo Bay ; therefore it is clear that all these motions have brought the concerns and civilization of British Muslims into the mainstream. Even the media has had to react as can be seen with Channel 4’s Muslim orientated Shariah Television where Muslims gather to discourse societal issues and spiritual religion. As a consequence we may see more Muslim MP’s and public figures thereby disputing the jobs of under-representation and marginalization. In many ways these political reactions of Muslim communities to the constructions of the War on Terror has meant that Muslims are altering the perceptual experiences of themselves coercing British society to go more plural. Tariq Ramadan has referred to this as a â€Å"silent revolution†( Q News, December 2003 ) and that Muslims are eventually building a â€Å"European Muslim individuality capable of going accepted at the mass level†, ( Ramadan, p254, 1999 ) . The dialectic of the War on panic is that although it marginalises Muslims it may assist supply a better apprehension of Islam at the same clip therefore a soundless revolution may yet go a loud one in clip. Bibliography Written Beginnings Debating Cultural Hybridity: Multi-Cultural Identities and the Politicss of Anti-Racism, edited by Pnina Werbner and Tariq Modood, Zeb Books, 1997 A Glimpse through Purdah: Asiatic Womans–the myth and the world, Sitara Khan, Trentham Books Ltd, 1999 The Myth of Return: Pakistanis in Britain,Muhammad Anwar, Heinemann Educational Books Ltd, 1979 Between Cultures: Continuity and Change in Lives of Young Asians,Muhammad Anwar, Routledge, 1998 Racial Disadvantage and Ethnic Diversity in Britain,Andrew Pilkington, Palgrave Macmillan, 2003 Who do We Think We Are: Imagining the New Britain, Yasmin Alibhai Brown, Allen Lane The Penguin Press, 2000 To be a European Muslim, Tariq Ramadan, The Islamic Foundation, 1999 Misrepresenting Muslimism: The Racism and Rhetoric of British Broadsheet Newspapers, John E Richardson, John Benjamins Publishing Co, 2004 Covering Islam,Edward Said, Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd, 1981 Oriental studies: Western Concepts of the East, Penguin Books, 1991 Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media,Edward S Herman and Noam Chomsky, Pantheon Books, 1988 Hegemony or Survival, Noam Chomsky, Metropolitan Books, 2003 Multitude,Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Hamish Hamilton, 2004 The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, Samuel P Huntington, Simon and Schuster, 1997 Islamophobia: A Challenge for us all, The Runnymede Trust, 1997 Newham Monitoring Project Annual Report 2003-4 Media Beginnings Q News, Jan 2004,Islam the Enemy Q News, Nov 2003, Shamim Miah Q News, Nov 2003,where are we heading, Khalida Khan. Q News, December 2003 Interview with Tariq Ramadan The Guardian, 2neodymiumMarch, 2005,Muslims face increased halt and hunt,Vikram Dodd and Alan Travis, The Guardian April 23rd, 2005,words of warning backed by small grounds, Vikram Dodd and Alan Travis Flushing Standard, 22neodymiumApril, 2005,civilization clang, John O Sullivan Sunday Times Magazine, Feb 27Thursday2005,Puting the fright of God into Holland, Brian Moynahan The Guardian,Young, Muslim and British, November 30Thursday, 2004 Are Muslims Hated,C4 Documentary, Keenan Malik, January 8Thursday2004 The Secret Agent, BBC Documentary, July 15Thursday, 2004 Web sites Stoppoliticalterror.com Respectcoalition.org Freebarbarahmad.com Search Scheme I managed to obtain a really diverse scope of beginnings. I used assorted books on cultural surveies to sketch the general sociological state of affairs of cultural minorities this involved utilizing authors such as Tariq Modood and Sitara Khan. This nevertheless could hold been improved by obtaining books with a specific focal point on British Muslim such as â€Å"Muslim Britain†edited by Tahir Abbas and Philip Lewis’s â€Å"Islamic Britain†. Nevertheless I believe I compensated for this due to my entree to assorted community beginnings such as Q News and community administrations such as Newham Monitoring Project, Islamic Human Rights Commission and run groups. My usage of Huntington, Chomsky, Said and Hardt and Negri’sBattalionadded an internationalist attack so as non to be nescient of the planetary constructions and how they influence the state of affairs for British Muslims. My subdivision on the media could hold possibly referred briefly to tabloi d newspapers every bit good as the circulars such as The Guardian, nevertheless as I was utilizing John E Richardson’s extended research on the representation of Muslims in the circular imperativeness I focused on the latter. I deliberately ended with Tariq Ramadan’s of import positions on European Muslim individuality so as to make a sense of hope for the hereafter as his research looks at Islamic Bibles so as to obtain an apprehension of what it means to be Muslim and European. Although he is theological at times it would hold besides been good to unite this with Homi Baba’s more sociological research on cultural hybridity.
Thursday, November 21, 2019
Decision Making in Hospitality Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words
Decision Making in Hospitality Industry - Essay Example According to Kolb (1983, p109) the central characteristics of an organisation is that they are problem solving systems, the success is measured by how efficiently they solve routine problems associated with survival and growth in a changing world. A hard problem is one which is well defined and structured and one where an outcome is normally predictive. Hard problems can be described as simple, well-defined, bounded and tame. Hard problems are where; the problem is known, objectives are clear, priorities are clear, knowledge base exists, limited people involved and can be treated as a separate matter, none or choice of clear solutions available, easy to measure success, often short term issues are involved and are of limited time scale. Examples of Hard Problems: data Analysis (trend, regression, distribution etc. Queue Modelling, Line balancing (Bottleneck analysis), Decision analysis and decision trees, Project Management techniques, Business modelling and forecasting, Route scheduling and location analysis, Production scheduling, staff scheduling. A soft problem is a problem which is complex in terms of structure, is not well defined, involve the social system: interaction of people and the outcome cannot be predicted. (After Hicks 1991). Soft problems can be described as Complex, unbounded, ill-defined and messy. ... Queue Modelling, Line balancing (Bottleneck analysis), Decision analysis and decision trees, Project Management techniques, Business modelling and forecasting, Route scheduling and location analysis, Production scheduling, staff scheduling. A soft problem is a problem which is complex in terms of structure, is not well defined, involve the social system: interaction of people and the outcome cannot be predicted. (After Hicks 1991). Soft problems can be described as Complex, unbounded, ill-defined and messy. Soft problems are where the problems are not clear, objectives are not clear, priorities are not clear, many people involved, affects other areas / departments, what to do is not known, difficult to measure success, often medium to long term issues, longer uncertain time scale. Problem solving: O' Loughlin and Mc Fadzeam (1999) suggest several approaches to problem solving: Cognitive Processing Individual Traits - theorists believe that individual perception may influence problem solving performance. Reasoned action perspective - focuses on the relationship between the intended behaviour during the problem solving process and the actual behaviour being observed Decision theory - a process whereby management chooses a solution to the problem from a range of alternatives using quantitative data analysis. Organisational trait - an attempt is made to explain organisational problem solving terms of an organisations physical attributes Group problem solving - in companies problems are solved in groups the result of group thinking. The process of solving hard problems: 1) Data Gathering: Data needs to be gathered on activities, resources, costs and constraints. 2) Generation of Ideas/ Plans: Activities needs to be prioritized. While
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